Analysis of the Politics of Problem Definition

Analysis of the Politics of Problem DefinitionINTRODUCTIONComprehending the pros and cons of issues seemly public problems is the clue to extrapolateing the course of action and agenda setting. In the American placement there are issues such as poverty, equity, violence, substance abuse, and so on which continuously encroaches on the system but only few can be regarded as public problems and become a consideration for public agenda. Factors equivalent expansion of participation and issue characteristics are liable for a problem to become public. The study assesses the problem definition process using a verge model of collective behavior. This is based critically on an individuals threshold of abstinence from the conditions across society. Expectation of the number of individuals who imbibe already track the threshold or are likely to cross it influences the inclination of individuals to cross the non-acceptance threshold. To comprehend this, a theoretical framework to the in formal harassment problem and Clarence doubting Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings has been utilized. It has been tested with factual data for statistical assessment to an array of collective behavior.THE PROCESS OF PROBLEM DEFINITIONA throng of conditions such as pollution, hunger, smoking and child abuse have plagued America done time but there has been no public disclosure to trace them as problem. Therefore a divorce prevails between objective conditions and problem definitions. Citizens assess conditions at individual levels. Social influences, values, culture and norms cause an individual to have a neutral or favorable response to the existing conditions. Understanding of objective costs, benefits of a particular condition can vary in individuals and are evaluated accordingly. When the costs of tolerating the conditions become ample, an individual will cross the threshold of public non-acceptance.GRAPHICAL ANALYSISThe graphical representation of the threshold model is used to understand collective behavior. Here,p = individuals expectation of the proportion of the population that fails to publicly oppose the conditionOi = private assessment of the condition based on the ratio of costs to benefit plus costs of the condition.The private assessment is Oi and expected social non acceptance (1-p). The heavy line represents the threshold at which individuals with variant costs and expectations of social non-acceptance are precisely indifferent between publicly accepting versus non-accepting the condition. The space to the left indicates individuals publicly accepting the condition and the right expresses non-acceptance.In fig. 1 individuals who privately assess the costs of the condition move to public non-acceptance only if they have expectations that the proportion of social non-acceptance is greater. When Oi=1, proportion of (1-p) is greater than 0.40 and when Oi=0.75, proportion of (1-p) is bigger than 0.50. If media educate the public about the costs and benefits of the conditions there will be kindd problem definition. As individuals alter their private evaluations, the slope of the function representing the distribution of threshold, removes. In fig.2 if Oi=0.75 then (1-p) exceeds 0.30 and when Oi=0.50 expected (1-p) exceeds to 0.50 to oppose the condition. The media makes the setting to a greater extent useful to changing problem definition by changing the distribution of thresholds for individuals. In fig.3 a cumulative density function of social non acceptance (the dashed line) is superimposed onto the threshold function depicted earlier. The upper horizontal axis indicates actual social non-acceptance aft(prenominal) cost benefit evaluations. This diagram implies that there is wide gap between private cost-benefit assessment and public positions. The stable equilibria level indicated may alter to change in factual data made available by media, political leaders. Problem reevaluation occurs in an interspersed mann er due to the swift shift from point of equilibria to another. exam the applicability of such models is difficult because of exact data requirements aggregate data may be used to analyze to crossing of the threshold levels of non-acceptance. The importance of the feedback instrument has also been indicated.SEXUAL HARRASSMENT AND THE CLARENCE THOMAS SUPREME COURT NOMINATION HEARINGThe feminist movements in the late 1970s termed the exploitation of women by men in the workplace as sexual harassment. This was emphasized by womens groups who started to educate and garner their support. Statistics reveal that preceding to the Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination hearings sexual harassment in workplace was common in America. The Thomas nomination hearings in September and October 1991 drastically altered the political scenario on the issue of sexual harassment. Thomas, a conservative African American, a member of the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia was nominated a s a Justice of the Supreme Court. The Senate court Committee held eight days of hearing on the nomination. The nomination was sent to the full Senate without a recommendation. Prior to the scheduled vote, the National Public Radio broadcasted a story that spread rapidly. Anita Hill, a colleague of Thomas alleged sexual harassment against him. Intense pressure from public groups and interests culminated in the postponement schedules votes to investigate charges. Since the hearings were televised nationally, Americans became more educated and aware of the issue. The hearing ended with public opinion swaying in Thomas direction and he was confirmed by a narrow gross profit margin as a Supreme Court Justice. Simultaneously it was a failure of the womens movement to remedy the issue of sexual harassment and it would be tolerated and those make the allegations failed to produce change. The focus on the issue enhanced citizen mobilization enhanced.The EEOC data showed equilibrium prior to the hearing. The increase in the number of charges filed corresponded with the timings of the hearing. It was evident that a parvenu higher equilibrium of charges filed was attained. Thus, the cascading process denoted in fig. 3 was at work since there was inertial movement to a radical equilibrium. There was no feedback prior or after the hearing. Before the hearings increased prior charges and successes resulted in fewer new charges. This suggests that negative feedback maintained the pre intervention equilibrium. After the hearings increased prior charges and successes produced new charges and successes. This suggests a cascading effect to the new equilibrium. Before the hearings and enhance media attention to sexual harassment actually produced few charges but after the hearings the effect of the media attention on new charges had a dynamic escalation.CONCLUSIONThis analysis has amalgamated the individual evaluation of costs and benefits with data and social forces resultin g in a dynamic change in collective behavior which is best illustrated by using threshold model of collective behavior and distribution of individuals thresholds of non-acceptance on the conditions in society. The application of this was explained through the Thomas Supreme Court Nomination hearings. Focus of media and public resulted in more charges, more successes and increase of media attention. Thus in conclusion it can be said that is there is a pre-existing condition that many find privately costly, with widespread public acceptance, the system is ready for a metamorphosis. Since there is a multitude of such conditions prevalent in America at one time and disturbances are likely to occur and changes in the American political system will be present always.ReferenceDan Wood, B., Doan, A. (2003). The politics of problem definition applying and testing threshold models.American Journal of Political Science,47(4), 640-653.